Linguistics
Usama Alsahlani; Ahmadreza Heidaryan Shahri; Amal El Haimeur
Abstract
The study aims to clarify vocal intonation and address some misconceptions mentioned in the Holy Qur’an. It emphasizes the importance of understanding phonemes as phonemic units and knowing how to deal with them. The study highlights the significance of phonemes, intonation, and their moral importance ...
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The study aims to clarify vocal intonation and address some misconceptions mentioned in the Holy Qur’an. It emphasizes the importance of understanding phonemes as phonemic units and knowing how to deal with them. The study highlights the significance of phonemes, intonation, and their moral importance in differentiating sentences and giving them various connotations through pronunciation.The study focuses on vocabulary related to arrogance and hypocrisy. It also explores questions regarding the concept of phonemes, their impact on sound, and the moral significance of misconceptions in the Holy Qur’an.One of the study's findings is that phonemes play a crucial role in linguistic thinking and have a significant impact on letters or movements. Intonation, on the other hand, has a profound influence on determining connotations such as reprimand, warning, and report. The study also reveals that intonation serves an expressive function by conveying feelings and emotions such as sadness, joy, despair, hope, etc.
Mahboobeh Habibi; Ahmadreza Heidaryan Shahri
Abstract
The issue of dystopia and related concepts, such as collapse and destruction in the Islamic worldview and philosophy, has a special prominence. After the Second World War and the collapse of the Palace of aspirations, poets paid more attention to the themes of the dystopia in their poems. The history ...
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The issue of dystopia and related concepts, such as collapse and destruction in the Islamic worldview and philosophy, has a special prominence. After the Second World War and the collapse of the Palace of aspirations, poets paid more attention to the themes of the dystopia in their poems. The history and the political and social situation of Iran and Iraq in the contemporary period has led to a surprising closeness in the themes of the poetic compositions of the two countries. Both countries have experience colonialism, tyranny, war, injustice, and oppression. In this way, the poets of both cultures, especially, Badr Shaker al-Sayyab and Mehdi Akhavan Sales, have become the reflection of the sufferings, pains, and aspirations of the people who have lived in the dystopia made by their poets. Since dystopia makes a large volume of poems of the poets in question, its study is important. Moreover, dystopia in their poetry has not been studied from a comparative point of view. Therefore, this study explores the poems and thoughts of these two poets and the idea of dystopia in their poems using the American school of comparative literature and applying the descriptive-analytical method. The results show due to the influence of the unsettled conditions in which Sayyab and Akhvan lived, they have included the themes of ruins in their poetry. Also, the use of elements of time and place and the technique of time interference in place have added to the beauty of their poems. On the other hand, Sayyab and Akhvan have tried to express the deterioration of the situation of their moment by using the images of dystopia and relying on the elements of time and place.
Elham Maryami; Ahmad reza Heidaryan shahri
Abstract
The need to retell the facts of society compels the author to create works that need to retell the facts of society. The author believes in creating works with a social context. Understanding the culture and behavior of individuals leads to understanding the community understanding the culture and behavior ...
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The need to retell the facts of society compels the author to create works that need to retell the facts of society. The author believes in creating works with a social context. Understanding the culture and behavior of individuals leads to understanding the community understanding the culture and behavior of individuals leads to Understanding the community. This article explores the position of Arab women in the traditional society depicted in the novels of Al-Khabaa and Noghrat Al-Dhabaa by the Egyptian writer Miral Al-Tahawi through a descriptive-analytical method.The author seems to have created confusion, humiliation, oppression, and tradition domination, a one-dimensional and often one-sided portrayal of a passive Arab woman in a primitive setting, with the novel's central theme centered on women and the dominance of past popular culture. He may portray a person who submits to the prevailing discourse, and if he seldom rebels, this rebellion will not change or improve his situation in the family and society. Women have no place in the author's society, and female heroes not only do not try to break free from the shackles of tradition, but in the oppression of themselves and women like themselves, they synchronize with the dominant discourse to extinguish the hope for change among female characters
Mahboubeh Parsaei; Ahmadreza heidaryan shahri
Abstract
Language is a collection of voices inspiring various emotions and affections and are sketches of colors and fragrances. Undoubtedly, language is not a set of uneven and irregular voices, but an interconnected and systematic network of layers and links. Therefore, each piece of speech or text is organized ...
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Language is a collection of voices inspiring various emotions and affections and are sketches of colors and fragrances. Undoubtedly, language is not a set of uneven and irregular voices, but an interconnected and systematic network of layers and links. Therefore, each piece of speech or text is organized through the cooperation and unity of all the different language levels. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the inspiring voices in the poems of Badr Shaker al-Sayyab. One of the essential topics to be addressed in his poems is the discussion of voices and inspirers. Jikur, is one of the talented poets who has employed voices to accompany the reader with himself. Thus, the authors sought to base the present study on the famous French linguist Morris Gramon’s theory to investigate the reading of and analyze the inspiring voices in the poems of mournful Iraqi poet Badr Shaker al-Sayyab. In this way, the signs and musical attributes of Badr Shaker al-Sayyab poems, especially vowels and consonants, are examined using a descriptive-analytical method. Reading and analyzing Badr Shaker al-Sayyab’s poems based on Gramon’s inspiring voices theory indicate that corresponding to the themes of the odes and profound influence of mournful spirit in the poet’s thoughts and language, highly frequent vowels and readings of his poems repeat these negative, dark, and tragic meaning. In other words, the results of this study indicate that inspiring voices in the poems of Badr Shaker al-Sayyab describe the physical and psychological failure of the people of his land, and phonetically, he illustrates repetitive themes of doubt, hesitation, frustration, sadness, and pessimism.
Maryam bakhshandeh; Ahmadreza Heidaryan Shahri
Ensieh Talebi; Abbas Talebzade Shoshtari; Ahmad Reza Heidaryan Shahri
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
Pragmatics is a branch of the science of semiotics, and in 1970s it has been structured around a set of applied studies, including the dialogical analysis and textual analysis (Mazeed, 2010).
One of the most important theories in pragmatics research is the theory ...
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Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
Pragmatics is a branch of the science of semiotics, and in 1970s it has been structured around a set of applied studies, including the dialogical analysis and textual analysis (Mazeed, 2010).
One of the most important theories in pragmatics research is the theory of speech acts. This theory is used in various studies, including research on people's daily conversations, as well as research on the use of speech acts in various literary, religious, and other texts. By using this theory and examining the extent of the use of speech acts, one can find some hidden angles of the speaker's intention. Hence, we used this theory to examine sermons 34, 27, 25, and 179 of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), which are related to sermons related to Muawiya's war.
2- Theoretical Framework
Pragmatics is not limited only to linguistic levels of phonetics, grammar. In other words, it is not limited to a certain aspect of linguistics, but it can cover all levels (Elengar, 2005). Pragmatics does not capture only the apparent meaning of the phrase but it can also capture the implicit concepts of the speaker's intention during his communication with the audience.
John Langshow Austin was the founder of the speech act theory, and John Searle was able to complete this theory by dividing speech acts into five categories, and making changes to his master's theory. He categorizes five groups of speech acts as follows: verdictives, exercitives, commissives, behabitives, and expositives.
John Searle, also, has two types of direct and indirect speech acts. On the other hand, context is important in the theory of speech acts.
Therefore, in order to conduct the research from the point of view of speech acts, it is necessary to study and analyze the context. Scientists divide context into two types: linguistic and paralinguistic contexts. Since many studies of Nahjul-Balagheh have focused on linguistic context (although they did not necessarily have this title), in this study, linguistic context is not an issue, yet the focus is on the physical context including situational and social contexts to analyze speech acts.
3- Method
The method of this research is descriptive-analytic. Initially, it refers to the theory of speech acts and its principles. The following sermons are then analyzed based on this theory.
4- Findings and Discussion
For the sermons 34, 27, 25, and 179, in the light of this theory, we used the table of speech acts including utterances, apparent or direct acts, indirect or indirect acts, as well as non-verbal acts. Through lexical methods (through action verbs), the structure of the sentence, and the sentence context, we will come to the non-verbal acts of the utterances.
By examining the sermons which are related to the battle against Mu'awiyah and finding the number of speech acts in sermons and calculating their percentages, it was found that these sermons contain commissive, expositives, behabitive, and exercitive acts. The order of the percentage of the speech acts mentioned in the sermon, except in sermon 24, is the same. The behabitive in these sermons has the highest rank.
At first glance, it seems that verdictive act in the war sermons has the first place because the atmosphere of the war is such that the speaker encourages people to fight against the enemy. Since people of Kufa showed their weakness in defending their homeland, Amir al-Mu'minin's grief from this weakness led to use this act more than any other acts.
On the other hand, the third kind of speech act is verdictive in sermons of 34, 27, 25, and 179 with respectively of 14, 17, 29, and 7 percent. In addition to the low percentage of this speech act, the remarkable notion about this act is that 95% of the speech acts have multiple interactions with non-verbal acts. In other words, utterances, in addition to assertive acts, include non-verbal acts. This point indicates that Imam Ali (AS) does not encourage people to directly engage in jihad, and the context of the word is such that Imam will use this way to guide the people.
The minimum occurrence is for commisives and expositives, since Imam Ali (AS) was not in a position to express his commitment to a particular matter, nor did he seek to express a new condition that would entail a commitment.
5- Conclusion
Calculating and comparing the statistics of the volume of speech acts as well as the direct and indirect acts of the utterances in a few sermons from Imam Ali (AS) tell us the hidden points of these sermons. One of the things that can be achieved by comparing and interpreting speech acts is the speaker's and audience's thoughts. The high or low percentage of a speech act represents the perspectives of speakers and audiences which may not be explicitly stated. In particular, these percentages are repeated with a very little change in all of these sermons. The context and condition of the people of Kufa have not been significantly different in all of these sermons, and their weakness in performing their duty makes the order of application and the percentage of their use
ahmadreza heidaryan shahri
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The story of a hero’s journey and weathering arduous stages for the purpose of accomplishing a specific objective and subsequently bestowing the gifts of that tortuous journey on companions is an archetype which instigated Joseph Campbell (1904-1987), an American ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The story of a hero’s journey and weathering arduous stages for the purpose of accomplishing a specific objective and subsequently bestowing the gifts of that tortuous journey on companions is an archetype which instigated Joseph Campbell (1904-1987), an American mythologist, to propound a comprehensive outline to portray an archetype of a heroes’ journey, with regard to numerous evidences in varied stories and myths.
The writers of the present study aim, using a descriptive-analytical methodology, to identify the structural similarities and differences of related patterns, from an archetypal literary criticism point of view, in the journeys of heroes in “the seven labors of Rostam” of Shahname [the epic of kings] written by the Persian master poet Ferdowsi and “Mu’allaqat” written by Antarah Ibn Shaddad, one of Jahiliyyah [ignorance] period’s poets.
2. Theoretical Framework
Among the studies conducted on the Arabic literature, [to the best of author’s knowledge] no research has been undertaken investigating Antarah’s Muallaqeh utilizing the same approach and methodology as the present paper. Similarly, within the domain of contrastive literature, no research has investigated the two poems from the perspective of their heroes’ pattern of journeys, contrasting their structures. Thus, the authors in the present study, in the light of mutual interactions, through presenting epic sings and re-reading heroic signs in both Antarah's poetry and Ferdowsi’s The Seven Labors of Rostam, will look into their commonalities apropos the hero’s journeys ( as proposed by Campbell's Monomyth); to this end, the authors try to depict that regardless of some points of divergence, literary works in Arabic and Persian, based on the pattern of hero’s journey propounded by Campbell, can be studied comparatively.
3. Research Method
In the present study, texts and library documents were reviewed using a descriptive-analytical methodology. Content pertaining to the issue at was obtained from credible sources and formed the basis for the background of the study and its literature while serving as a yardstick for describing, analyzing and comparing the archetypal criticism of the two works' structure.
The fundamental questions of the research, given that investigating with and adapting Campbell's structural pattern to the stories of various nations will undoubtedly yield similarities and differences in structural flow, are as follows: Considering the previously mentioned pattern, can Antarah’s poetry be regarded as an epic like Ferdowsi’s The Seven Labors of Rostam and does Antarah boast the sings of an epic hero like Rostam? Can points of convergence and divergence during the processes of heroes’ monomyths in the works of the two authors be traced using mythological criticism and archetypal fundamentals, based on the mentioned theory? To what degree can the pattern proposed by Campbell account for the entirety of the stages of heroes’ journey in this study?
4. Research Findings and Discussion
The findings of the present research concerning comparative reading of heroes’ journeys in The Seven Labors of Rostam by Ferdowsi and Mu’allaqah by Antarah Ibn Shaddad al-َAbsi, based on Campbell's structural pattern, are illustrative of struggles governing Antarah's poetry which is a combination of struggles with inner anomalies together with ethnic and national struggles; issues which have been the subject matter of narratives and myths. In a way that through having a main event, war, defending the tribe's honor and sacrificing selfhood to social demands and other extraneous stories, the hero is capable of surmounting his individual limits, undergoing tests in formidable stages, weathering all of that and eventually offering the outcome of his journey to his people, bringing about complete unity in the myth.
5. Conclusion
The conclusion which was reached following a comparative re-reading of the two works based on the Campbell's pattern reveals that points of divergence, refusal of invitation at the departure or separation in The Seven Labors of Rostam don't have any equivalent in Antarah’s work, but the latter is s.th that in Antarah’s poem the protagonist first refrains from accepting. Type and the number of hardships used as tests in the two poems constitutes another point of divergence. A third difference is the phases of answering the call and deification which are amalgamated in Antarah’s poem but in The Seven Labours of Rostam they correspond separately.
During the stage of reunion with father, both heroes are freed from father/king’s servitude and gain power and high status and present the outcome of their journey to the tribe / countrymen. During the return stage, which in the two poems is only comparable to “magic flight “or “rescue from without” in Campbell’s stages, both heroes are the very supernatural aides which have come to assist the father/king, bestowing on them a prominent, epic status.
Keywords: archetype; hero’s journey, the Seven Labors of Rostam, Antarah’s Muallaqah.
References (in Persian)
Ahmadi, B. (1999). Creation and freedom. Tehran, Iran: Nashre Markaz.
Campbell, J. (1999). The hero with a thousand faces (S. Khosrowpanah, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Gole Aftab.
Campblell, J. (1999). The power of myth. Tehran, Iran: Nashre Markaz.
Eliade, M. (1983). The aspects of myth (J. Sattari, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Toos.
Mortāz, A. (2007). A semiotic study of al-Mu‘allaqāt al-Sab‘a (S. H. Seydi, Trans.). Mashhad, Iran: Ferdowsi University Press.
Zarrinkoub, A. (1990). Aristotle and poetics. Tehran, Iran: Amirkabir.
References (in Arabic)
Ibn Manzour, A. J.-a. D. M.-b.-M. (1986). Lisan al-Arab. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Haya al-Arabi.
Zouzani, A. H. b. A. (1993). Sharhi al-Mu‘allaqāt al-Sab‘a. Beirut, Lebanon: Al-Dar al-Alimiyyah.
Ahmad Reza Heidarian Shahri
Abstract
Badr Shakir al- Sayyab)1926-1964)the Iraqi poet ,known as the pioneer of new movement in Arabic poetry, is famous for his extensive use of symbols and myths in his works ,some of which are related to apocalyptic views. In modern Persian literature Forough Farrokhzad )1313-1345( is considered one of ...
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Badr Shakir al- Sayyab)1926-1964)the Iraqi poet ,known as the pioneer of new movement in Arabic poetry, is famous for his extensive use of symbols and myths in his works ,some of which are related to apocalyptic views. In modern Persian literature Forough Farrokhzad )1313-1345( is considered one of the most prominent poets in the realm of apocalyptic literature. The present article , a descriptive-comparative research aims at the delineation of apocalyptic viewpoints in Sayyab’s ode: “The Dream of Year 1956” and Farrokhzad’s “Terrestrial Verses”. It describes the two poets’ approach to apocalyptic ideas and compares their apocalyptic vision in its similarity and variety and explains the symbols and allusions used in two works.The results of the research display that the two poets depicted the disastrous crisis of the end of the time and they both emphasized the catastrophic events of human societies. What makes a distinctive differentiation between the two odes is the poet’s final vision which is optimistic in Sayyab’s poem and pessimistic in Farrokhzad’s ode.
Abstract
The contemporary Persian and Arabic literature have an old relationship and in this age and the same relationship is also said about city poetry domain .Seemingly the appearance of new city songs in world literature including Persian and Arabic literature is affected by Western literature. The present ...
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The contemporary Persian and Arabic literature have an old relationship and in this age and the same relationship is also said about city poetry domain .Seemingly the appearance of new city songs in world literature including Persian and Arabic literature is affected by Western literature. The present research compares Sohrab Sepehri ‘s city songs in Persian literature and Ahmad Abd al- Mo’ti Hijazi’s songs of the same motif in Arabic literature.
To conduct a comprehensive study, and after a brief explanation around two poets ’life and poetry as well as about the theme of primitivism and romanticism and their principles ,the paper reviews Sepehri and Hijazi’s poetry in this fields and studies their tendency towards primitivism and romanticism .
The most important dimensions which are notable in the poetry or life domain of both poets are as follows: expression of regret and nostalgia due to the loss of the countryside innocence , reproaching city and its urbaneness image, worshipping countryside and the first man home land where man has been longing for during all ages and the desire of having real or imaginative journey .
The last part of the research is devoted to the poetic characteristics of explanation and description of primitivism and romanticism in both poets’ poetry.
